President Donald Trump has implemented a comprehensive series of trade deals during his second term, focusing on bilateral negotiations, reciprocal tariff structures, and protections for key U.S. industries to address persistent trade imbalances. These agreements, rolled out progressively from early 2025 onward, leverage executive authority to secure market access for American exports while imposing calibrated duties on imports from over 20 trading partners.
The approach aims to reduce the annual U.S. goods trade deficit, which exceeded $1 trillion in recent years, by prioritizing fair reciprocity over traditional multilateral frameworks like the WTO.
This strategy continues and expands upon first-term initiatives, marking a fundamental shift in global trade dynamics with measurable impacts on manufacturing, agriculture, and supply chains.
Origins and Philosophical Underpinnings
Trump's trade philosophy emphasizes economic nationalism, viewing chronic deficits as threats to national security and worker livelihoods. During his 2017-2021 presidency, this manifested in Section 232 tariffs on steel (25%) and aluminum (10%), affecting $48 billion in imports and spurring retaliatory actions totaling $75 billion from partners including the EU, Canada, Mexico, and China.
The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), effective July 2020, replaced NAFTA with stricter rules of origin requiring 75% North American content for automobiles and enhanced labor provisions, credited with creating or preserving 176,000 U.S. jobs according to U.S. International Trade Commission assessments.
The Phase One agreement with China in January 2020 committed Beijing to purchasing $200 billion worth of U.S. goods over two years across agriculture ($50 billion), manufactured products ($77 billion), and energy ($52 billion), although actual compliance hovered around 58% by 2021 amid pandemic disruptions. These experiences shaped the second-term playbook, beginning with a national emergency declaration under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA) on April 2, 2025.
This enabled broad tariff authority without immediate congressional oversight, establishing baseline rates such as 25% on Mexico and Canada (suspended for USMCA-compliant items), 20% on China linked to fentanyl concerns, and 25% on non-North American automobiles starting May 3.
Reciprocity serves as the core principle: nations imposing high barriers on U.S. products face equivalent duties, while cooperative partners receive exemptions, reductions, or zero-tariff access. Steel and aluminum tariffs doubled to 50% by mid-2025, extending to derivatives like copper to safeguard $300 billion in domestic sectors.
Early 2025 Tariff Impositions and Market Reactions
The administration's initial moves set the stage for negotiations. Fentanyl-related tariffs on Mexico and Canada pressured border security commitments, while Chinese duties effectively reached 60% on $500 billion in imports by July through layered applications.
Automotive tariffs exempted compliant parts from allies agreeing to baseline payments, with two-year rebate mechanisms for high-volume producers. Commerce Department data indicated a 12% narrowing of the Q2 2025 goods deficit, from $310 billion to $273 billion, as imports declined and selective exports grew.
These actions disrupted global supply chains temporarily, with automobile prices rising 7% and steel costs increasing 15%, but proponents argue they incentivized reshoring and investment in U.S. facilities.
Western Hemisphere Negotiations and Agreements
A major milestone occurred on November 13, 2025, when the White House released a fact sheet announcing historic deals with El Salvador, Argentina, Ecuador, and Guatemala. These pacts eliminated key non-tariff barriers and secured preferential market access for approximately $20 billion in annual U.S. exports across agriculture, machinery, chemicals, IT hardware, and medical devices.
Argentina, a significant soy and beef exporter, pledged zero tariffs on U.S. chemicals and agricultural products while committing to resolve longstanding U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) Special 301 intellectual property concerns, including patent backlogs that had delayed $2 billion in pharmaceutical approvals annually.
Ecuador dismantled its Andean Price Band system, which had imposed variable duties up to 45% on wheat, tree nuts, wine, and spirits, unlocking $500 million in U.S. opportunities previously constrained.
Guatemala and El Salvador extended most-favored-nation treatment to non-textile goods under enhancements to the Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA), facilitating shifts in apparel production to U.S. hubs in the Carolinas and projecting 50,000 new jobs.
These agreements include enforceable roadmaps for IP protection, labor audits, and customs digitization, with full ratifications completed by December 2025 to bolster supply chain resilience, particularly for critical minerals like lithium from Argentina.
Asia-Pacific Bilateral Frameworks and Expansions
In July 2025, announcements via social media platforms detailed reciprocal arrangements with Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Cambodia, followed by frameworks for Thailand and Indonesia. Vietnam agreed to a 20% tariff reduced to 10% upon compliance, pledging $15 billion in purchases of U.S. machinery and semiconductors to curb transshipment of Chinese goods evading prior duties.
The Philippines eliminated 17% duties on aircraft parts and medical devices, opening a $4 billion services market previously restricted by local content rules.
Malaysia and Cambodia addressed non-tariff barriers such as discriminatory standards and forced labor in textiles, while Japan and South Korea secured reductions to 15% on automobiles tied to $30 billion in U.S. plant investments, offsetting their combined $70 billion trade surpluses. These deals, emphasizing zero-tariff U.S. access in exchange for moderated baselines, project $100 billion in export gains by 2027, significantly rerouting electronics and apparel supply chains away from China.
European Union Comprehensive Trade Agreement
The August 2025 EU-U.S. pact represented a transatlantic cornerstone, with the European Commission committing to zero-for-zero tariffs on $500 billion in industrial goods, $750 billion in liquefied natural gas and energy purchases over a decade, and €40 billion in artificial intelligence chips and semiconductors. In return, the U.S. set duties at 15% on EU automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and semiconductors down from threatened 30% levels and expanded tariff-rate quotas for American beef (90,000 tons annually), poultry, and dairy products. Cooperation on critical minerals, including EU supplies of cobalt and nickel for U.S. battery production, further solidified the framework.
Implementation through 2026 executive orders stabilized bilateral trade volumes at $1.3 trillion annually, preventing an estimated 20% contraction from escalating tariff wars.
United Kingdom Automotive and Post-Brexit Framework
December 2025 brought a targeted deal with the United Kingdom, establishing an annual quota of 100,000 vehicles at a 10% tariff rate, with standard duties applying beyond that threshold. Exemptions for electric vehicles linked to UK investments in U.S. battery facilities navigated the broader Section 232 automotive hikes, providing $10 billion in export predictability for British manufacturers adjusting to post-Brexit realities under the Labour government.